Africa: Colonialism and Independence: notes

Partition

• Berlin Conference (1884 to 1885): European powers set rules for dividing Africa without African voices.
• Reasons: raw materials, markets, prestige, and spreading Christianity.
• Direct rule: European officials ran everything. Indirect rule: local chiefs ruled under European control.

Independence

• Ghana (1957): led by Kwame Nkrumah, the first in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Kenya: the Mau Mau uprising pushed Britain to leave in 1963.
• Mozambique: FRELIMO fought Portugal, independence in 1975.
• Apartheid: South Africa's system of racial separation, ended with elections in 1994.