ZIMSEC O-Level History (4044)

African Nationalism and the Liberation War: notes

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Protest to Parties

Early protest: trade unions and groups like the African National Congress asked for rights.
Parties: NDP, ZAPU (1961) and ZANU (1963).
UDI (1965): Ian Smith declared independence from Britain to keep white rule. Sanctions followed.

Fighters: ZANLA and ZIPRA, helped by peasants, mujibhas and chimbwidos.
Allies: Mozambique, Zambia and others gave bases.
End: Lancaster House talks in 1979 led to elections and independence on 18 April 1980.